Lockheed U-2 Spy Plane

In the years immediately after World War II the US military relied on a variety of converted bombers and similar aircraft to collect strategic reconnaissance. With the rise of the Cold War, it was recognized that these aircraft were extremely vulnerable to Soviet air defense assets and as a result would be of limited use in determining Warsaw Pact intentions. As a result, it was determined that an aircraft capable of flying at 70,000 feet was needed as existing Soviet fighters and surface-to-air missiles were incapable to reaching that altitude. Proceeding under the codename Aquatone, the US Air Force issued contracts to Bell Aircraft, Fairchild, and Martin Aircraft to design a new reconnaissance aircraft capable of meeting their requirements. Learning of this, Lockheed turned to star engineer Clarence Kelly Johnson and asked his team to create a design of their own. Working in their own unit, known as the Skunk Works, Johnsons team produced a design known as the CL-282. This essentially married the fuselage of an earlier design, the F-104 Starfighter, with a large set of sailplane-like wings. Presenting the CL-282 to the USAF, Johnsons design was rejected. Despite this initial failure, the design soon received a reprieve from President Dwight D. Eisenhowers Technological Capabilities Panel. Overseen by James Killian of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and including Edwin Land from Polaroid, this committee was tasked with exploring new intelligence weapons to protect the US from attack. While they initially concluded that satellites were the ideal approach for gathering intelligence, the necessary technology was still several years away. As a result, they decided that new spy plane was needed for the near future. Enlisting the aid of Robert Amory from the Central Intelligence Agency, they visited Lockheed to discuss the design of such an aircraft. Upon meeting with Johnson they were told that such design already existed and had been rejected by the USAF. Shown the CL-282, the group was impressed and recommended to CIA head Allen Dulles that the agency should fund the aircraft. After consulting with Eisenhower, the project moved forward and Lockheed was issued a $22.5 million contract for the aircraft. Design of the U-2 As the project moved forward, the design was re-designated U-2 with the U standing for the deliberately vague utility. Powered by the Pratt Whitney J57 turbojet engine, the U-2 was designed to achieve high altitude flight with a long range. As a result, the airframe was created to be extremely light. This, along with its glider-like characteristics, makes the U-2 a difficult aircraft to fly and one with a high stall speed relative to its maximum speed. Due these issues, the U-2 is difficult to land and requires chase car with another U-2 pilot to help talk the aircraft down. In effort to save weight, Johnson originally designed the U-2 to take off from a dolly and land on a skid. This approach was later dropped in favor of landing gear in a bicycle configuration with wheels located behind the cockpit and engine. To maintain balance during takeoff, auxiliary wheels known as pogos are installed under each wing. These drop away as the aircraft leaves the runway. Due to the U-2s operational altitude, pilots wear the equivalent of a spacesuit to maintain proper oxygen and pressure levels. Early U-2s carried a variety of sensors in the nose as well as cameras in a bay aft of the cockpit. U-2: Operation History The U-2 first flew on August 1, 1955 with Lockheed test pilot Tony LeVier at the controls. Testing continued and by spring 1956 the aircraft was ready for service. Reserving authorization for overflights of the Soviet Union, Eisenhower worked to reach an agreement with Nikita Khrushchev regarding aerial inspections. When this failed, he authorized the first U-2 missions that summer. Largely flying from Adana Air Base (renamed Incirlik AB on 28 February 1958) in Turkey, U-2s flown by CIA pilots entered Soviet airspace and collected invaluable intelligence. Though Soviet radar was able to track the overflights, neither their interceptors nor missiles could reach the U-2 at 70,000 ft. The success of the U-2 led the CIA and US military to press the White House for additional missions. Though Khrushchev protested the flights, he was unable to prove that the aircraft were American. Proceeding in complete secrecy, flights continued from Incirlik and forward bases in Pakistan for the next four years. On May 1, 1960, the U-2 was thrust into the public spotlight when one flown by Francis Gary Powers was shot down over Sverdlovsk by a surface-to-air missile. Captured, Powers became the center of the resulting U-2 Incident which embarrassed Eisenhower and effectively ended a summit meeting in Paris. The incident led to an acceleration of spy satellite technology. Remaining a key strategic asset, U-2 overflights of Cuba in 1962 provided the photographic evidence that precipitated the Cuban Missile Crisis. During the crisis, a U-2 flown by Major Rudolf Anderson, Jr. was shot down by Cuban air defenses. As surface-to-air missile technology improved, efforts were made to improve the aircraft and reduce its radar cross-section. This proved unsuccessful and work began on a new aircraft for conducting overflights of the Soviet Union. In the early 1960s, engineers also worked to develop aircraft carrier-capable variants (U-2G) to extend its range and flexibility. During the Vietnam War, U-2s were used for high-altitude reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam and flew from bases in South Vietnam and Thailand. In 1967, the aircraft was dramatically improved with the introduction of the U-2R. Approximately 40% larger than the original, the U-2R featured underwing pods and an improved range. This was joined in 1981 by a tactical reconnaissance version designated TR-1A. The introduction of this model re-started production of the aircraft to meet the USAFs needs. In the early 1990s, the U-2R fleet was upgraded to the U-2S standard which included improved engines. The U-2 has also seen service in a non-military role with NASA as the ER-2 research aircraft. Despite its advanced age, the U-2 remains in service due to its ability to perform direct flights to reconnaissance targets on short notice. Though there were efforts to retire the aircraft in 2006, it avoided this fate due to the lack of an aircraft with similar capabilities. In 2009, the USAF announced that it intended to retain the U-2 through 2014 while working to develop the unmanned RQ-4 Global Hawk as a replacement. Lockheed U-2S General Specifications Length:  63 ft.Wingspan:  103 ft.Height:  16 ft.Wing Area:  1,000 sq. ft.Empty Weight:  14,300 lbs.Loaded Weight:  40,000 lbs.Crew:  1 Lockheed U-2S Performance Specifications Power Plant:  1 Ãâ€" General Electric F118-101 turbofanRange:  6,405 milesMax Speed:  500 mphCeiling:  70,000 ft. Selected Sources FAS: U-2The CIA the U-2 Program: 1954-1974

The Immigration Of The United States - 989 Words

For many centuries now immigration has been important to the key developments of North American countries. From the English settlers from the original 13 colonies, to the French who settled into what is now modern day Canada, even the Irish and German settlers during the Industrial revolution, all the way to Mexicans trying to find work in the booming U.S. economy after the second world war, immigrants have always flocked to America in search of a better life. The Immigration issues doesn’t just stop there either, even in today’s time many refugees from the middle east are fleeing Islamic terrorist groups only to find their rights and safety in America threatened as well. With the recent election of Donald Trump and the promises he has†¦show more content†¦citizenship (Bray). The last but arguably the most important process is the application process. In this process the immigrant decides if they need legal help or not with the process (Bray). First, they fill out their set of application forms, collect documents, and then submit them to either a U.S. consulate in the immigrant’s home country. Second is attending an interview at any consulate outside of the United States. The last and most rewarding step is receiving either a visa or green card and protecting for U.S. citizenship! Even with the long and drawn out process, immigration continues to remain an important policy today. In Americas, early history immigration played an important role in the development of the United States. Dating all the way back to the mid 1800’s, the U.S. has had at least 1 million immigrants per year except for the 1930s due to the great depression. Just recently the U.S. has peaked at an all-time high from the years 2001-2010 with 10,501,100 million immigrants migrating into the U.S. (immigration). Proving that immigration continues to play a big portion in the U.S. society. Unlike the United States, Canada is more tedious and selective on who they allow into the country. In America one can simply enter the country if they allow into the country. In America one can simply enter the country if they have relatives already in the country. In Canada, it is much different however as it is a â€Å"what can youShow MoreRelatedImmigration And The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration in the United States continues to increase rapidly year by year. According to an analysis of monthly Census Bureau data by the Center for Immigration Studies, the immigration population in the United States, both legal and illegal, hit a record of 42.1 million in the second quarter of this year, an increase of 1.7 million since the same quarter of 2014 (CIS.org). Clearly, Immigrants make up a large part of the population in the United States, and for most immigrants, migrating to theRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1399 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Faed English 126 Immigration in the United States The United States of America, being a country established by immigrants, is known all over the world as the land of great opportunities. People from all walks of life travelled across the globe, taking a chance to find a better life for them and their family. Over the years, the population of immigrants has grown immensely, resulting in the currently controversial issue of illegal immigration. Illegal immigrants are the people whoRead MoreImmigration And The United States965 Words   |  4 Pages Immigration is a highly controversial and big problem in the United States today. â€Å"While some characterize our immigration crisis as solely an issue of the 11 to 12 million unauthorized immigrants living in this country, our problems extend beyond the number of undocumented people to a broader range of issues. The lack of a comprehensive federal solution has created a slew of lopsided, enforcement-only initiatives that have cost the country billions of dollars while failing to end un authorizedRead MoreImmigration On The United States1302 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration Rights in the U.S. Immigration has occurred in the U.S. for for many years. Some say it’s the foundation of our country. America is the country where people leave their own country to live. People would leave due to mistreatment, hunger issues or job opportunities. America is known for starting over or accomplishing dreams, so immigrants travel over to follow those dreams. People emigrate from one country to another for a variety of complex reasons. Some are forced to move, due to conflictRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe vast majority of people living in the United States are descendants of immigrants, and yet majority of them are against them. It is quickly forgotten that America was built on immigrants that wanted a new life. A life free from harsh government, and the freedom from forced religion. The original settlers were immigrants that stole this land; immigrants continued to come for years. It is not a newly constructed concept that immigrants have always been a problem, ask any Native American. One usedRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1064 Words   |  5 Pages Camarota (2007, p.1), director of the Immigration Studies Center, reports there are 1.6 million documented and undocumented migrants take up residence in the United States every year. Camarota goes on to say that the immigrants occupy one-eighth of the total population who settled in the U.S. The flood of aliens, to a significant degree, hinders the development of the United States. Therefore, the issues which relate to immigration must not be neglected, and the government should keep the numberRead MoreImmigration And The United States Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Immigration has been a large conversation topic for such a long time in our country. We have worked on policies for immigration, and have made changes to them throughout the duration of our country’s existence. This topic is always worth mentioning and important, but has become a bigger topic once again due to presidential elections and the conversations being had about immigration from said elections. It is not necessarily easily seen if the concern with immigration is who is here legally or limitingRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1565 Words   |  7 PagesA native of Mexico, Gonzalez came to the United States using a visa, to visit family members and in 1994, police convicted Gonzalez of the abduction and rape of a Waukegan, Illinois woman. During his conviction his attorney, Vanessa Potkin, addressed that at twenty years old, Gonzalez spoke very little English, had no criminal record, and yet the police wanted to pin the crime on him. Twenty years later, DNA from the crime cleared him of both charges, and Gonzalez is now threatened with deportationRead MoreImmigration : The United States1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States is a popular and powerful which many people admire. It is very true that the country prospect and is more enrich. O pening the border might improve the economy or can impact the job market for American citizens. It is the jobs of American citizens to be given more to this illegal immigrant. I believe the U.S. borders should remain closed. While it is clear that opening the borders can have benefits, I believe it is more important to keep jobs available for Americans. In my opinionRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1632 Words   |  7 PagesFrench and European to settle in the New World. Since the colonial era, America has seen a wave of immigrants migrate in search of freedom and equality. Is this the same immigration today? Nearly 11.6 million immigrants from Mexico reside in the U.S. Today Immigration has a significant impact on many aspects of life in the United States, from the workforce and the classroom to communities across the country. Not all immigrants come to America legally whether as naturalized citizens, legal permanent residents

Women in Othello/ Elizabethan Times - 1608 Words

â€Å"The value of identity of course is that so often with it comes purpose† (Stevenson, Robert).In play Othello identity is a topic that appears throughout the play. In Shakespeare Othello all the women, Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca have no separate identity all three are defined by who they are or not married to or the male characters they are connected with. â€Å"According to the Elizabethan times that the play was written in and the general hierarchies within Venetian society men hold all the power and women are considered to be of low intellect† (Berggren 55). Yet it is the women that speak the in the scenes throughout the play. Othello by William Shakespeare is a story in which the women characters are treated in the unfair way that women of†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"Shakespeare Sister† by Virginia Woolf states that â€Å"when the husband had been assigned, he was lord and master, so far at least as law and custom could make him† (1-2) . This is uncovered in the play Othello when Desdemona calls Othello her lord. Woolf also states that the daughter who refused to marry the gentleman of her parents choice was liable to be locked up, beaten and flung about the room, without any shock being inflicted on public opinion. Marriage was not an affair of personal affection, but of family avarice, particularly in the chivalrous upper classes (3-5).† This is expected in the Elizabethan times but this is why Othello is different. Desdemona picked her own husband even a man of a different race. Once her father found that she runaway with a man of a different color and got married with out his permission he was furious. She went against what was expected of Elizabethan women to do and this is why her father was mad at her. This was the first step in redefining her role as a woman. By choosing her own husband was an act of independence by Desdemona took away the gender barriers of the Elizabethan times society and posed a threat to male authority Heather Thomas states in herShow MoreRelatedExaming the Interracial Marriage of Othello and Desdemona Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesCenturies ago in Elizabethan England there were many traditions about marriage and the treatment of women. One strong tradition of these times was the practice of marriage between races. Interracial marriages were considered extremely taboo. (High Beam). In this era marriages were arranged by the parents with strong help from the local church. The individuals had little choice as to who they would marry. (Elizabethan England Life). Yet another example of these traditions was the respectable treatmentRead MoreDifferent Reactions of a Modern and Elizabethan Audience to Othello640 Words   |  3 PagesIn the Elizabethan era, many of the issues Shakespeare included in his plays were socially accepted by the audience. In contrast these issues are in large not accepted in todays modern society. The first decisive opposing reactions by a modern and Elizabethan audience to a Shakespeare play such as Othello, is the status of women in this period. Othello among other plays of its era, introduce the idea of women as possessions. quot;O heaven! How got she out?quot; Here Brabantio is talkingRead MoreWomen Of The Elizabethan Society1471 Words   |  6 Pages Women of the Elizabethan society, such as in Shakespeare’s Othello, are particularly not considered as equal. Women were more often seen as less of people who need to be helped and aided by man. This ideology was spread by both men and women of that time by them playing into the gender roles of male and female. Othello gives a relative example of the male and female ideology being accepted and spread throughout society in the Elizabethan age. With it only being three women in the play, DesdemonaRead MoreShakespeare Gender Stereotypes1049 Words   |  5 PagesImpact of Gender Stereotypes to Shakespeare’s Plays Imagine living in Shakespeare’s time, when expectations were held at a higher standard for both men and women. A time when what gender you were dictated what you could and could not do. Male supremacy ruled the world, and therefore women were subjected, â€Å"‘To suckle fools and chronicle small beer.’† (Othello 2.1.132) This means that the woman’s only responsibilities in life was to nurse her children and take care of her home. These kinds of genderRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesthose of any other playwright, past and present. One of the most famous examples of these plays is the tragedy of â€Å"Othello†, believed to have been written in approximately 1603. The work revolves around four central characters; Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army; his new wife, Desdemona; his lieutenant, Cassio; and his trusted ensign, Iago. Throughout the play of â€Å"Othello†, William Shakespeare diagnoses and portrays two ills within his own society, which are undeniably still present inRead MoreOthello Feminist Analysis1611 Words   |  7 PagesOthello, by William Shakespeare is well known for its richness in literary content and elements pertinent to societal ideas. Moreover, women are portrayed in Othello in ways that confirm, but also contradict their treatment in Shakespeare’s time. Both female action and language represent these ideas such as expectations for a wife and expectations for how a woman is to act. That said, there are many other lines spoken by these characters that defy the expectations placed on women at time. OverallRead MoreWomen s Treatment Of Women837 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout history. From times of severe incarceration to the near-equality of today, many valuable generalities can be drawn about societies from their treatment of women. Elizabethan Great Britain, heading the way of the medieval Renaissance, introduced previ ously unheard of customs of treating women. In Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello†, women play integral roles in the outcome of the play yet are treated just as poorly, if not more so, than the racially and socially oppressed Othello, the â€Å"Moor of Venice†Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And Hamlet1721 Words   |  7 PagesTitle here An Elizabethan woman can be characterized as one that is submissive and subservient to men. William Shakespeare utilizes this type of woman when he wishes to show his audience the cruel nature of men. In both of his tragedies, Othello and Hamlet, Shakespeare presents cruelty in the form of male domination, where most of the time, the women are undeserving of ramifications such as death. When a woman in a Shakespearian play breaks the stereotype of the Elizabethan woman, as Olivia doesRead MoreWomen: Venetian Societal Views1156 Words   |  5 PagesRace. Women. Men. Class. Poor. Rich. Royalty. In Shakespeare’s play, Othello, many issues are explored through a tragedy. The rights of women are being put to the test. There are three women, Bianca, Desdemona, and Emilia that play a major role in Othello. In the Elizabethan Era women were neither very respected, nor considered to be intelligent. Yet, the women hold most of the power in the Tragedy of Othello. The women are also the only characters that are able to maintain the trust among themselvesRead MoreIf Othello Had Been Written in Modern Times How Would It Differ1246 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent time or place or language or for a different audience, how and why might it differ? Specific question: If Othello had been set in a modern era, how would it differ? Title of text: Othello Task is related to course section Pt 4: Literature- Critical Study, The individual, Community and Identity Task focus: The aim of this essay is to analyse how Shakespeare’s play Othello would differ if it had been set in a politically correct and modern society such as ours. If Othello had

Accounting Theory - 785 Words

The major reason for why people invest in companies and purchase stocks is to generate profits. Stocks can be a very tricky and lucrative way to make money, and in order to potentially make a return on your investments investors need to look at the information that they have available to them and make a decision. Here now are types of information needed so that an investor to make a safe and comfortable decision. Financial information about a company that follows the conceptual framework of being comparable, verifiable, timely and understandable is a major part in the reviewing process by investors. The information that is available to potential investors plays an important role in the sense that if a company does not perform financially†¦show more content†¦Information is always changing so companies continue to try to ensure investors have access to it and change the beliefs of investors in a positive way. Part 2 From research, we can develop a lot of theories based on our behaviours. Investors need to know the information about companies in order to make decisions. Investors constantly think about the future with information about the past. In essence all information disclosed in financial reports helps the investor make a decision with their investment and there are two theories that determine the effect of the issuance of these reports and the levels of activity and the trading prices: â€Å"Ball and Brown† and â€Å"Beaver† Ball and Brown depict the stock prices of companies on the days leading and subsequent to the announcement dates of annual reports. Depending on whether there is good news or bad news, we could see from the Abnormal Return for GN and BN Firms diagram (pg. 160) that the information given by companies to the investors does in fact have an impact on the value of the stocks of the companies and the trading of these securities. When there is Good News that is reported then there is a higher level of activity with the performance in the stock and when there is Bad News, there is negative performance in the stock activity. Also determined in this study isShow MoreRelatedPositive Accounting Theory2425 Words   |  10 PagesCompare and contrast normative and positive accounting approaches: Definition of PAT: Watts and Zimmerman (1986) defined Pat as a theory that seeks to explain and predicts particular phenomenon. It is concerned with explaining accounting practice. The three basic hypotheses as outlined by Watts and Zimmerman (1978) underlying PAT are: 1. Bonus plan hypothesis: The bonus plan hypothesis is that managers of firms with bonus plans are more likely to use accounting methods that increase current period reportedRead MoreAccounting Theory And Management Accounting2580 Words   |  11 PagesThough forms of managerial accounting practices can be traced back decades, centuries even, management accounting used to be regarded as a financial tool, advantageous for the financial managers. However, over the past three decades views on management accounting have changed. As Kaplan (1994) states management accounting theory has experienced a revolution in both theory and practice with the development of new innovations. Through advances in information technology, more competitive markets andRead MorePositive Accounting Theory Essay1195 Words   |  5 PagesWhittington notes, they are two of the most widely discussed contributors to the accounting literature of the past decade (1989, p. 327). They are also the joint founder-editors of The Journal of Accou nting and Economics, a journal devoted to positive accounting research, which has achieved an international reputation. So their story, while admittedly controversial, has achieved credibility among a significant number of accounting researchers. But what accounts for that credibility? According to WattsRead MoreThe Theory Of Accounting Fraud3500 Words   |  14 PagesA number of cases of fraudulent accounting have been reported over the last fifty years. However, in each case the manner in which the fraud was perpetrated was different In the UK there is no legal definition of fraud (Levi, Information Gathering Working Party and Doig, 1999). Black’s Law Dictionary (1999) defines fraud as â€Å"a knowing misrepresentation of the truth or concealment of a material fact†. When we apply this to the world of accountancy there can be confusion between fraud and ‘creativeRead MoreAccounting Theory6586 Words   |  27 Pagesother relevant materials to justify your viewpoint. INTRODUCTION Accounting can be broadly defined as the ‘measurement and communication’ of economic information to the decision makers (Watts and Zimmerman 1986). Accounting is divided into internal and external accounting on the basis of the users of the information (Spohr 2005). Spohr (2005) further highlights that the responsibility for preparing the external accounting information and publishing it lies with the managers of the firm. TheseRead MoreAccounting Theory- Stakeholders1220 Words   |  5 PagesCurrent Issues in Accounting, South Melbourne: Cengage Learning Freeman RE. 1984. Strategic Management: a Stakeholder Approach. Pitman: Boston, MA Haigh, N., amp; Griffiths, A. (2009). The natural environment as a primary stakeholder: The case of climate change.  Business Strategy and the Environment,  18(6), 347. Retrieved from: http://ezproxy.waikato.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/213770085?accountid=1728 Mitchell RK, Agle BR, Wood DJ. 1997. Toward a theory of stakeholder identificationRead MoreAccounting Theory and Practice Essay2225 Words   |  9 Pagesreached about what perspective theories should be used to explain the Social and Environmental Accounting, and moreover critique voices are from the works of Marx or by the deep-green or feminist literatures (Deegan, 2002), to some extent, systems-oriented theory and Positive Accounting Theory can list some hints. This essay will seek to explain the reasons why firms voluntary disclosure information by referring to Legitimacy theory, Stakeholder theory, institutional theory, and lastly Political CostsRead MoreA Research On Positive Accounting Theory2273 Words   |  10 Pagespositive accounting hypothesis (PAT) estimates that, in flawed markets, accounting decision may be controlled by directors looking to impact reported income and capital structure (Watts and Zimmerman, 1978). Specifically, the positive accounting hypothesis (PAT) contends that accounting decisions are liable to be spurred by components, for example, supervisors extra arranges, the company s obligation/value proportions and the more extensive political impact of outsiders (Watts and Zimmerman, 1978;Read MorePositive vs Normative Accounting Theory Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pageswith planning) TOPIC: Discuss positive accounting theory and contrast it with normative accounting theory. Provide examples where appropriate.       The purpose of this essay is to provide an overview of positive accounting theory (PAT) and highlight how this theory differs to normative accounting theory. Definitions and assumptions of both theories will be considered and examples of the theories will be provided. In addition specific theories related to PAT namely agency and the efficientRead MoreThe Imporance of Accounting Theory to the Field of Accounting1912 Words   |  8 PagesThe Importance of Accounting Theory to the Field Of Accounting The objective of theory is to explain and predict. One of the basic goals of the theory of a particular discipline is to have a well-defined body of knowledge that has been systematically accumulated, organized, and verified well enough to provide a frame of reference for future actions. The Webster’s definition of theory is the systematically organized knowledge, applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumstances, a system

Life of pi personal essay Free Essays

In Yawn Marten’s Life of Pi, Piecing Molotov Patella’s Journey explores many connections to my life. His life in India, along with his experience on water, allows Pi to recognize many attributes about himself. My life in three specific ways, mirrors the life of Pl. We will write a custom essay sample on Life of pi personal essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is proven through hope, loss, and religion involved in both of our lives. Pip’s ‘cup half full’ outlook, along with his â€Å"fierce will to live†(Marten, 164) is what gives him hope throughout his Journey on water. This is seen when Pi absorbs that there is a tiger in his life boat and that they are stranded in the middle of the ocean. This makes him realize oncoming death, however he fails to accept it due to the voice he hears in his heart; â€Å"l will not die. I refuse it. I will not make it through this nightmare. I will beat the odds, as great as they are. I have survived so far, miraculously. Now I will turn miracle into routine (163). † This spark of light found in his heart in such a hopeless situation, proves his amazing outlook on life and will to survive. Similarly, I try to view every situation in a positive light as well, no matter how hopeless the situation may be. This is usually seen when I may be in a bad situation with others, and instead of complaining, I will make the remark â€Å"Well, it could be worse. For instance†¦ † This attitude tends to create more positivist in everyone and every situation. In addition, Pip’s loss of loved ones also connects to myself. When he can no longer deny the death of his Father, Mother and brother Rave, he grieves; â€Å"what a thing to acknowledge in your heart (141)! † This represents the love that he will forever cherish of his family. Loss is something that everyone lives with. In the case of God’s Theodosius, people presume that evil, including loss, is existent due to possible reasons: to build character, to develop free will, pure revenge, etc. In the case of P’, I believe that his loss establishes building of character, and in connection to my first point, creates motivation which brings him hope. The loss of my family members, including all four of my grandparents, has been bitter sweet. Of course, death is a tragedy in the case of loved ones, however, believing that they are looking down on e has given me hope and motivation, like P’, to strive for success and make them proud. The major factor that Pi develops throughout the novel is the discovery of his identity. His religion(s), family, and self, all contribute to the way that he showcases himself when he is independent on the ocean. In his search for religion, Pi is not limited by the bounds of a single religion, but instead seeks guidance and meaning from many. His choices of following the religions of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity are all able to contribute to his strong love for God/Allah. It is Pip’s dignity and belief for God that he cares about; â€Å"To me, religion is about our dignity, not our depravity'(79). Like Papua Gandhi, I agree that ‘All religions are true† (76) and that there are no rules for loving God as religion is an independent choice. After all, the point of spirituality is not to becoming limited by narrow thinking, but to find yourself in order to enhance your lives, and the lives of those around you. Unlike P’, I was raised practicing the single religion of Judaism in my household. My mother (who inverted) along with my father, exposed me to the practices and beliefs of Judaism, which I still practice and abide by today. This goes along with my Bat Mitzvahs at the age of thirteen which identified me as a woman. My belief in God, like Pi, is strong, and thanks to religion, is a major part of my identity. When examined closer, Pip’s hope in all situations, loss of loved ones, and identity which is seen through his religion, are all able to connect closely with myself. Works Cited Marten, Yawn. Life of Pi: a novel. New York: Harcourt, 2001. Print. How to cite Life of pi personal essay, Essays

Critically Asses the Claim That Conscience Has Ultimate Moral Authority Essay Sample free essay sample

Conscience is said to be a voice or feeling that dictates a individuals moral determinations this feeling of a sense of right and incorrect has no definite definition and its argued among psychologists. philosophers and spiritual trusters what the true beginning of this feeling is. Some psychologists argue that we are born with this and this portion of our personality is created by our societal milieus and as we grow up what our society dictates to be right or incorrect becomes hardwired into our encephalons and that forms our scruples. Some spiritual trusters see the scruples as holding a metaphysical beginning such as a God. some argue that scruples has entire authorization and that we should in some respects non be blame for our actions because it’s a mistake or difference in our scruples while others argue that we are wholly responsible for our actions and scruples does non hold ultimate moral authorization. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically Asses the Claim That Conscience Has Ultimate Moral Authority Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thomas Aquinas a Christian who thought that scruples did non hold ultimate authorization. saw the scruples as right purpose. He saw scruples about as a voice assisting us distinguish between right and incorrect. he thought that we. as Humans. of course seek to avoid immorality or bad he called this Synderesis this means recta ratio or right ground. Aquinas split the scruples into two parts the Conscientia ( Conscience ) and Synderesis he saw the ability to state right from incorrect and right ground as the most critical parts of moral determination devising. Aquinas did non believe that the determinations made by the scruples where ever rectify this depended on the quality of your scruples. This theory explains the beginning of scruples and explains how our scruples can be misunderstood or misused. but this theory does non fulfill spiritual trusters A ; if its God given why is it fallible? Cardinal Newman. a Christian intuitionist. agreed with the cardinal rules of Aquinas’s work but thought that the scruples has more authorization and saw it as the Godhead jurisprudence as given straight by God. So he believed that scruples was more than merely a sense of ground he believed that when we make a moral determination that’s God talking straight to us directing us in the right moral way. he believed that it was God assisting observe the already present truth. He argued guilt came from disregarding this counsel. However this is non a solid statement. nil would be to halt person stating that there scruples told them to make something and this theory does non truly explicate what our scruples is or how to utilize intuition. Jean Piaget a positivist argued that we learn what is considered right and incorrect from a immature age via external influences but every bit good as it being of course happening. He believed before the age of 10 kids develop their morality from important figures. chiefly parents he called this heteronymous morality but as the kid acquire older they develop an consciousness of morality and their sociological milieus. but this assumes we are all in the same phases of development and his research was based on hapless or wrong informations. Lawrence Kohlberg a Judaic American psychologist improved on Piaget’s work. he thought that this had the cardinal regulations but it was more complex than that. He interviewed 72 male childs from upper-class Chicago ages 10-16 inquiring them what was known as ‘The Heinz Dilemma† . he was interested non in the reply they gave but how they got to that determination. the inquiry fundamentally asked if a adult male should hold stolen a drug that cost ten times what it cost to bring forth to salvage his married womans life because he could non afford the expensive medicine. By analyzing the replies and how they got to that reply he concluded that there where six degrees ; The first was obeisance and penalty. this is the earliest phase common in immature kids. regulations are seen as absolute and the lone manner to acquire past a regulation is to follow it. this is chiefly to avoid penalty. Level two is individuality and exchange kids account for single points of position and justice actions based on how they serve single demands. this is where the kids argued that this was Heinz’s best pick and best served his demands A ; ain involvements. Level three interpersonal relationship was that degree at which there is an accent on conformance and being ‘nice’ and sing the picks will reflect in societal state of affairss. Level four is societal contract and single rights. this is the focal point on keeping jurisprudence and order this is where the individual begins to take wider society into consideration. Level five societal contract and single rights at this phase people begin to take into history differing values and beliefs. Finally f lat six is the cosmopolitan rules. this is based on cosmopolitan ethical rules and abstract logical thinking. This is a rational position and suggests that scruples does non hold ultimate moral authorization This nevertheless has jobs excessively moral logical thinking does non needfully take to moral behaviour and Kohlberg is proposing that our moral determinations are chiefly based on justness and does non truly speak about guilt or why other than the legal A ; societal reverberations we follow our scrupless so is it besides a excessively westernized manner of looking at the scruples. Butler had a different position as a Christian and saw Human nature as hierarchal and at the top of this hierarchy is the scruples. He saw the scruples as a gift from God that has ultimate authorization over our moral determinations ; this gift from God he said is besides what separates us from animate beings. holding this ability to see incorrect from right. Butler said scruples creates a balance between these two rules ; self-love and benevolence. the concern for others wellbeing. he called scruples â€Å"our natural usher. the usher assigned to us by the Writer of our nature† . However Butler still fails to explicate how we know what our scruples is and how we manage this contact with God or how we hear him. and this does non explicate evil Acts of the Apostless if we have an infallible God given scruples. Fromm is a positivist who said that we have an autocratic scruples and a guilty scruples is the consequence of displeasing an governments figure. as we learn and acquire our scruples from authorization figures. which are internalized by the single and we are socialized so that when we are disobedient we feel guilty which in bend makes us more submissive to authorization. He said humanistic scruples Judgess our success as a human being. it leads us to gain our full potency. form personal unity and moral honestness. Some argue that this means that this would propose that if you are brought up in a background of offense or have negative hapless function theoretical accounts there is about no opportunity at all of you going a functioning member of society and following normal regulations and Torahs and this besides leave us with the job of if offense is a consequence of hapless scruples them we would non fault the person as they had non pick but to follow their scruples. If scruples is morally responsible for everything and every action we take so we could non fault anyone for any of the offenses committed and if as Fromm suggested we all can merely follow our scruples this means that felons would neer be able to make anything but commit offense which is non right. we see many illustration of people get awaying a life of offense which is about unaccountable by the regulations of an autocratic scruples.

Cost and Benefits of Project Management Project Dealing

Question: Describe about the Cost and Benefits of Project Management for Project Dealing. Answer: Introduction Engineering projects mainly deal construction and design of different mechanical, electrical, civil, electronics, ICT and other systems that are generally planned in a certain way to meet some specific sets of objectives. These objectives are mainly set in order to benefit some organizations or communities in different aspects like business, development, utilities and others. The administration of activities in the correct order with the assistance of appropriate devices and procedures is generally termed as project management (Schwalbe 2015). Project Management is fundamental for all associations for advancement or adjustments of business or engineering systems and different perspectives. While projects are planned or arranged, the primary point is constantly some adjustment in the existing system or a few alterations in the current association structure. Dealing with these tasks in the correct bearing is an imperative stride towards making the project an effective project for any e ngineering or business associations. In this research report, the results of the research based on the factors requiring close attention in the engineering project management have been published. Related Work, Background, Significance Related Works Alotaibi, Sutrisna and Chong (2016) said that the most critical part of an engineering project management is strategy of the parent organization. They said the entire project remains on the current hierarchical system and the target of the project is to additionally adjust or upgrade the authoritative technique to build up more control over the market. For this reason, the project is initially arranged with an arrangement of deliverables that should be met over the span of the project. After that, the project program is executed alongside portfolio administration. As it were, the hierarchical system is the establishment stone for the project to appear. This is valid, without an authoritative system, no project can be arranged and appeared. The whole project points of reference depend on the techniques of the association. In addition, the project developments to a great extent influence the current authoritative procedure. Nevertheless, in some cases, this is not valid in all cases. S ome of the time, the activities are not generally absolutely subject to authoritative procedures (Brle?i? Val?i?, Dimitri? and Dalsaso 2016). A few activities might be led for inner advancement that does not influence the general business technique of the association. Once more, there are different tasks that depend on development of a little or medium measured organization that is not identified with hierarchical strategies for success. Subsequently, "whole project relies on upon authoritative methodology" is a deceptive term. In his works, Ismaeel (2015) said that project program is the most imperative part of the business extend as it straightforwardly influences the hierarchical techniques and additionally the project manager. His purpose of contention is that the current hierarchical methodology chooses the start of the project. Nevertheless, the project program decides the future authoritative methodologies identified with the business and trade. For example, the association focuses on a particular change in system, subsequently, they choose to execute a project for the change. In any case, the result from the project program is distinctive. On the off chance that it is not gainful, it is totally disposed of. Then again, in the event that it is much more helpful than the first arrangement, then the authoritative procedure will change further to support the advantages that have been picked up from the project program (Rusare and Jay 2015). This is very valid in its own particular right the hierarchica l system decides the project program and the project program re-decides the future authoritative procedure. Nonetheless, there are imperfections in this announcement also. The last authoritative procedure does not just rely on upon the project program; it relies on upon the general project yield. The turning points of the project are accomplished by the general exercises of the project and that includes extend arranging, portfolio and project program. Thus, despite the fact that the announcement is consistent with very some expand, some of the time it is deluding. Lapina and Sluka (2015) in their works said that the portfolio administration is the most essential piece of an engineering project administration as it includes administration of assets and the working group by the project chief. Distinctive project supervisors have diverse goes up against activities and thus, there must be some reasonable principles and rules that ought to be taken after while dealing with the project. In addition, asset administration is a basic piece of project. Absence of assets will stop the project at a specific time while excessively numerous costs of assets will bring about decrease of money saving advantage proportion that will be picked up from the project result. Henceforth, dealing with the project unquestionably is important. Notwithstanding, this announcement is additionally not generally genuine. Controlling the exercises of project chief is not generally a smart thought. The project supervisor may have a few thoughts that can really profit the genera l project (Kerzner 2013). Once more, while executing the project, the director might have the capacity to distinguish certain dangers or blames inside the project that were not noticeable at first. Thus, without controlling the project supervisor exercises and depending altogether on portfolio administration, a few obligations ought to be given to him that he should oversee alone. Background Engineering projects mainly deal construction and design of different mechanical, electrical, civil, electronics, ICT and other systems that are generally planned in a certain way to meet some specific sets of objectives (Kerzner 2013). These objectives are mainly set in order to benefit some organizations or communities in different aspects like business, development, utilities and others. Excluding the community benefits and utilities, the other engineering projects are executed in a cost effective way i.e. the organization that performs the project expects the newly designed system to provide high levels of profits. The administration of activities in the correct order with the assistance of appropriate devices and procedures is generally termed as project management. Project Management is fundamental for all associations for advancement or adjustments of business or engineering systems and different perspectives. While projects are planned or arranged, the primary point is constantly some adjustment in the existing system or a few alterations in the current association structure (Schwalbe 2015). Dealing with these tasks in the correct bearing is an imperative stride towards making the project an effective project for any engineering or business associations. An effective project management framework comprises of various tools that will be discussed later. The final result of any engineering project must have a significant cost benefit proportion. Authoritative systems are constantly in light of expanding the resultant cost benefit proportion of any engineering system and consequently, analysis of the cost benefit aspect of an engineering project is necessary. However, there are some additional factors that are to be considered while doing cost benefit analysis (Rusare and Jay 2015). Some researchers emphasized on the fact that the cost benefit ratio should be considered on the long term basis rather than instantaneous effect. Hence, in any engineering project, the plan is prepared keeping in mind the long term effects of the project and the possible cost benefit that can be gained by the organization in the coming years. Significance This research is based on the project management for engineers. The main target of this research is to analysis engineering project management in order to find some weaknesses, loopholes and obsolete methods that are still present in the current system. As the engineering field is quite large, the main part of engineering project management that has been used as the subject of the research is cost and benefits of the engineering projects. However, the research is far more significant than the limits of the field chosen to analyze on. The research has been conducted by analyzing even minute aspects of engineering projects and their relationships with the business of an organization. Moreover, the objectives of the engineering projects and their expected benefits have been analyzed in order to evaluate the actual outcomes of the project. Furthermore, the costs and cost benefits that have been experienced by the organizations have also been researched in order to find more details of th e cost benefits of the engineering projects. In order to find these required data and information, the actual engineering designs, technical aspects, their effects on the business system of the organizations have all been analyzed on a broad scale and the works of reputed researchers have been used as references for the research. Research Method, Design, Proposed Statistical Analysis Research Method Different researchers prefer different methods for conducting their research activities. Some common research methods are as follow. Data Mining Some researchers prefer the more direct and easier way to reach the conclusions of the research. For this, the researchers analyze the works of their predecessors and identify some well-proven data present in their works. They then apply them in real life case studies to find their significances and applicability in order to reach the conclusions of their research. Experimental Evaluation Some researchers chose the longer way for their own research activities. Instead of direct data mining, they formulate their own theories by years of study and experimentation. These experiments are mainly based on the application of their own hypotheses on different real life mini or demo projects. Although this research method is long and time consuming, the outcomes of the research are more accurate as errors are removed by the iterative process of application of the researchers own hypotheses. In this particular research, the data mining methodology has been followed due to the limitations of academic environment. For the research, some of the journals published by reputed project managers have been studied. Moreover, the works of the researchers who based their works on the engineering project management have also been studied to learn the basic concepts and proven theories of project management. Design Various researchers prefer their own designs of research methodology. The most common designs of research are descriptive and explanatory. Descriptive design is mainly based on gaining the details of the events happening in the project for describing the effects and reasons of the events. On the other hand, explanatory design is based on formulation of several hypothesis for explaining the occurrence of certain events. In this research, descriptive design of methodology has been followed. For the research, the engineering project events have been analyzed and certain theories have been developed to explain the events. The events that have been put under the focus of the research are the weaknesses, loopholes and obsolete systems that are still being used in the engineering projects. Proposed Statistical Analysis The research is to be arranged with analysis deliverables that should be met throughout the project. After that, the project program is executed alongside portfolio administration. As such, the hierarchical technique is the establishment stone for the project to emerge. The whole project points of reference depend on the techniques of the association. In addition, the project points of reference to a great extent influence the current authoritative procedure. In any case, at times, this is not valid in all cases. Once more, the association focuses on a particular change in procedure, henceforth, the organizations choose to execute a project for the change. The result from the project program is distinctive. In the event that it is not valuable, it is totally disposed of. Then again, on the off chance that it is significantly more useful than the first arrangement, then the hierarchical procedure will change further to manage the advantages that have been picked up from the project pr ogram. This is very valid in its own privilege the hierarchical methodology decides the project program and the project program re-decides the future authoritative technique. Finally, different project managers have diverse approaches against activities and thus, there must be some appropriate norms and rules that ought to be taken after while dealing with the project. These factors are suggested to be analyzed for mining the statistics that are required for the analysis and research. Methodology and Results: Sample, Sampling, Data Collection, and Data Analysis Sample For the research purposes, samples are required for study and analysis. For this particular research, some real life case studies related to the engineering projects have been collected from various dependable sources that helped in development of the research conclusions and the verification of certain proposals. The main samples that were collected for the research were cost and benefits of project management for engineering projects. Collection of these samples helped in the analysis of data that were required to complete the research. Reaching certain conclusions set during the proposal were also possible due to proper selection of the data samples. Sampling Technique For collection of samples, a suitable sampling technique is needed so that the most suitable samples are collected. The field of research was project management. However, there are infinite number of samples for project management and hence, research of the overall subject was not possible within the academic environment. Hence, the subject of the research was narrowed down to cost and benefit of project management for engineering projects. For this reason, during sampling, the works and journals that were specifically based on these topics were selected. Moreover, unverified sources were excluded from the samples and only those with reliable sources and reputed authors were selected. Data Collection Data collection is an important of a research procedure. In this process, all the data that are related to the research are collected and filtered to identify the data and information that are specifically helpful for the research. Data collection is of two types qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative data collection, works of very reputed researchers are collected during the literature review of the research. High quality literature is collected in this phase that are already experimentally verified. These data and information help in the preparation of the project plan and development of the theories that are targeted to prove or otherwise as the ultimate outcome of the research. In quantitative data collection, a large amount of data is to be collected for verifying and cross-verifying certain propositions. Large amount of data is required because in some cases, few amounts of data is not sufficient for proving certain propositions. In this research, data has been collected from the works of the previous project managers that have been proven and verified by the international standards. These works acted as the sources of high quality literature that were useful for the preparation of the project proposition. Again, data from different sources like real life case studies were also collected for the quantitative analysis of the research proposition. Data Analysis This research has been conducted to understand more about the problems that are existing with engineering project management systems. These problems are continuously present in the project management but have not been mitigated until now. Some of these problems that are specifically targeted towards the cost and benefits of the organizations are as follows. IT Infrastructure As technology develops more and more, the need of upgrades for the existing systems in the organizations arises. This is mainly because the organization needs to be more competitive and advanced in the modern technical era. However, in the engineering projects, the need of the IT infrastructure is far more important. This is because, the engineering subjects are under constant research and new developments are coming out every day. Moreover, with the development of the new systems, new project techniques are developed that are conducted using certain softwares and other computerized processes. For these, development of IT infrastructure is necessary. However, it has been seen that most of the engineering organizations still lack proper IT infrastructure. Technical Knowledge From the data, it has been seen that the most engineering organizations conduct projects in spite of the fact that most of their employees lack sufficient technical knowledge. The research suggests that these employees have performed excellently during their academic careers but failed to perform sufficiently during the projects. The most suitable reason that has been found is that these employees (engineers) based their studies on the theoretical evaluation only and do not have sufficient exposure to the practical activities of the project. Again, some other engineers have found their way through their academic careers and into the organizations using unfair means. As a result, in spite of having sufficient number of employees in their project teams, the organizations could not earn significant cost benefits from the projects. Scope Rift From the data gathered in the research, it has also been seen that many of the engineering projects fail due to deviation or rift from the project scope. During the initial phase of the project, a certain project plan is prepared by estimating necessary resources and final project outcome. However, due to the developments and other factors during the project, certain changes are proposed and made and as a result, the scope of the project deviates from the original scope. Mainly, the scope is adjusted for the temporary benefit of the organizations but actually harms the company in the long run. Budget Budget is another important factor due to which many engineering projects stop immaturely. This mainly happens when unrealistic targets are set or the final end product of the project are not known before the initiation of the project. Due to this, in spite of having huge funding, if the project deliverables are not met, the company faces huge amounts of losses as well as no cost benefit is gained. Conclusion In this report, the main unsolved issues in the engineering project management have analyzed. This research has been conducted to understand more about the problems that are existing with engineering project management systems. These problems are continuously present in the project management but have not been mitigated until now. In this particular research, the data mining methodology has been followed due to the limitations of academic environment. For the research, some of the journals published by reputed project managers have been studied. Moreover, the works of the researchers who based their works on the engineering project management have also been studied to learn the basic concepts and proven theories of project management. In this research, data has been collected from the works of the previous project managers that have been proven and verified by the international standards. These works acted as the sources of high quality literature that were useful for the preparation of the project proposition. Again, data from different sources like real life case studies were also collected for the quantitative analysis of the research proposition. This research has been quite successful as most of the common issues persisting in the engineering project management have been identified. References Alotaibi, N.O., Sutrisna, M. and Chong, H.Y., 2016. 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Marchewka, J.T., 2014.Information technology project management. John Wiley Sons. Rusare, M. and Jay, C.I., 2015. The project implementation profile: A tool for enhancing management of NGO projects.Progress in Development Studies,15(3), pp.240-252. Schumann, C.A., Gerischer, H., Tittmann, C., Orth, H., Xiao, F., Schwarz, B. and Schumann, M.A., 2014. Development of International Educational Systems by Competence Networking based on Project Management.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,119, pp.192-201. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Turner, R., 2016.Gower handbook of project management. Routledge. Verzuh, E., 2015.The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons. Walker, A., 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons.